Fire retardant crosslinked copolymers

ABSTRACT

1. A SOLID CROSSLINKED COPOLYMER OF (1) FROM ABOUT 2-60%, BY WEIGHT OF THE TOTAL COPOLYMER, OF AT LEAST ONE MONOMER CONTAINING TWO OR MORE POLYMERIZABLE, ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED BONDS; (2) FROM ABOUT 3-98% BY WEIGHT OF AT LEAST ONE BIS (HYDROCARBYL) VINYLPHOSPHONATE HAVING THE STRUTURE:   H2C=C(-X)-P(=O)&lt;(-OR-RO-)   WHEREIN X IS SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, CYANO, ARYL, AND HALOARYL, C1-C18 ALKYL AND HALOALKYL, AND   -P(=O)&lt;(-R1-R-)   WHEREIN R AND R1 ARE HYDROCARBYL AND SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBYL GROUPS HAVING NON-INTERFERING SUBSTITUTED, SAID HYDROCARBYL AND SAID SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBYL GROUPS CONTAINING UP TO ABOUT 18 CARBON ATOMS, INCLUSIVE, WITH THE PROVISO THAT R AND R1 CAN BE THE SAME, DIFFEVENT OR CAN JOINT; AND (3) THE REMAINDER BEING AT LEAST ONE MONOFUNCTIONAL VINYL COMONOMER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF THE VINYL HALIDES, THE VINYLIDENE HALIDENES, THE ALPHA-OLEFINS, THE VINYL ESTERS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, THE C1-C20 ALKYL ESTERS OF ACRYLIC AND METHACRYLIC ACID, THE ARYHALO AND NITRO-SUBSTITTUTED BENZYL ESTERS OF ACRYLIC AND METHACRYLIC ACID, THE ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS, THE ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS, THEIR ANHYDRIDES AND THEIR C1-C2* MONO- AND DIALKYL ESTERS, THE AMIDES OF ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, THE VINYL ARYL COMPOUNDS, AND THE C1-C20 ALKYL VINYL ETHERS, SAID MONOFUNCTIONAL VINYL COMONOMER BEING PRESENT IN AN AMOUNT UP TO ABOUT 90% BY WEIGHT.

United States Patent 3,842,048 FIRE RETARDANT CROSSLINKED CQPOLYMERS Jung I] Jin, Irvington, N.Y., assignor to Staulfer Chemical Company, Westport, Conn. No Drawing. Original application Oct. 28, 1970, Ser. No. 84,871, now Patent No. 3,726,839, dated Apr. 10, 1973. Divided and this application Sept. 21, 1972, Ser.

Int. Cl. cost 3/62 U.S. Cl. 260-785 BB 8 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This is a division of application Ser. No. 84,871, filed Oct. 28, 1970, now US. Pat. No. 3,726,839, Apr. 10, 1973.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As is known to those skilled in the art, it is quite difiicult to prepare solid, high molecular weight homopolymers of the bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates such as bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate. It is also difficult to prepare high molecular weight copolymers of these vinylphosphonates wherein they are present in proportions which substantia ly exceed about 50%, by Weight. The preparation of such homo or copolymers of these vinylphosphonates is, of course, highly desirable inasmuch as they are characterized by a high degree of fire retardancy; the latter property being particularly useful for the various reasons which will be set forth hereinbelow.

Thus, many thermoplastic polymers such, for example, as the homoand the copolymers of methyl methacrylate, polyolefins, polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins are hard and, in many instances, optically clear materials which are widely utilized for the preparation of a broad range of consumer and industrial articles. As normally prepared, these thermoplastic polymers will ignite and continue to burn upon exposure to flames or high temperatures. However, in many instances, particularly where they are being considered for use in building interiors or in applications requiring their prolonged exposure to high temperatures, it is highly desirable that such polymers should display fire or flame retardant properties so that they may either meet the standards set by various building codes or so that they may be safely employed in place of more costly materials.

Prior attempts to provide fire retardant, thermoplastic polymer compositions have involved the use of a variety of extraneous additives such, for example, as antimony oxides, halogenated parafiins, halogenated hydrocarbons and low molecular Weight phosphate esters. However, the

effective utilization of these and other additives has ordinarily required their presence in rather high concentrations which adversely affected the physical properties of the treated polymers. Thus, the inherent hardness and, in some instances, the clarity of the thermoplastic polymers were particularly prone to deterioration in the presence of the high concentrations of these additives which were necessary in order to achieve a self-extinguishing polymer composition.

" ice It is, therefore, the prime object of this invention to provide a means for preparing solid, high molecular weight copolymers capable of containing as much as about 98%, by weight, of one or more bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates. It is a further object of this invention to utilize such copolymers either per se as fire retardant materials or as polymeric additives which may be blended with burning thermoplastic polymers, i.e. With thermoplastic polymers which will continue to burn upon being ignited, in order to enhance their fire retardant characteristics without adversely affecting the inherent physical properties such as hardness and, in some instances, the clarity of the thus modified polymers. Various other objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the disclosure thereof which follows hereinafter.

TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that solid, high molecular weight products containing as high as about 98%, by weight, of one or more bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, and particularly bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, can be prepared by polymerizing the selected vinylphosphonate monomer with one or more polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated monomers so as to yield a crosslinked copolymer. These crosslinked vinylphosphonate copolymers, which may also optionally contain one or more monofunctional vinyl comonomers, display excellent fire retardancy characteristics and may be used per se or blended with burning thermoplastic in order to provide them with a high degree of fire retardancy without resulting in any significant effects upon any of their physical properties such, for example, as their hardness. Moreover, it is truly surprising and advantageous to find that the polymers resulting from the process of this invention display an outstanding degree of ease of blending with the substrate system. Thus, it is well known to those skilled in the art that physical blends of two or more polymers are almost always characterized by their inherently poor mixing.

It should be noted, at this point, that the use of the term crosslinked in describing the copolymers resulting from the process of this invention will indicate to those skilled in the art that they possess a highly intermeshed, three-dimensional configuration or network rather than a simple linear or branched structure of the type found in non-crosslinked copolymers. Thus, such crosslinked polymers may be further characterized by the fact that they will not lose more than about 20% of their total weight upon being extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extractor.

The novel copolymers of this invention are thus seen to comprise crosslinked copolymers of: (1) one or more polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated monomers, i.e. one or more monomers containing two or more polym erizable, ethylenically unsaturated bonds. Suitable difunctional monomers include allyl methacrylate, divinyl benzene, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, methylene-bis-acrylamide, diethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, divinyl ether, diallyl fumarate, diallyl phthalate, divinyl sulfone, divinyl carbitol, butylene dimethacrylate, trimethylene glycol diacrylate, butylene glycol diacrylate, pentamethylene glycol diacrylate, glyceryl triacrylate, octylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylene propane triacrylate, the tetraacrylate ester of pentaerythritol and diallyl phosphonates. Optimum results are, however, obtained by the use of allyl methacrylate since its use leads to a substantially greater degree of conversion of the vinylphosphonate monomer to 3 the desired copolymer. (2) one or more bis (hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates having the structure:

r t/ oHi-o-r 012-" wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, aryl such as phenyl, haloaryl C1-C18 alkyl, (Dr-C1 haloalkyl and wherein R and R are hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrolarbyl groups consisting essentially of hydrogen and carbon and containing up to about 18 carbon atoms inclusive with the proviso that R and R may be the same, different or conjoint, i.e. R and R may form one single radical.

The use, in this disclosure, of the expression hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups refers to the radicals obtained upon the removal of a hydrogen from a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon group which may be either an aliphatic or aromatic group. These hydrocarbyl groups may be substituted with any non-interfering groups, i.e. with any group which does not interfere with the polymerization of the bis-(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate. Such substituent groups include, for example, chloro, bromo, fluoro, nitro, hydroxy, sulfone, ethoxy, methoxy, nitrile, ether, ester and keto groups and the like.

Illustrative of such aliphatic groups as are represented by R and R are alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, nonyl, pentenyl and hexenyl groups and all of their respective isomers; cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cyclohexenyl groups and the like; while typical aryl groups represented by R and R include phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, tolyl and naphthyl groups and the like.

Representative of the above depicted bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates are:

Bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate; Bis(beta-chloropropyl) vinylphosphonate; B-is(beta-chloroethyl) 1-methylvinylphosphonate; Bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-cyanovinylphosphonate; Bis(beta-chloroethyl) 1-chlorovinylphosphonate; Bis(beta-chloroethyl) 1-phenylvinylphosphonate; Dimethyl vinylphosphonate;

Diethyl vinylphosphonate; Bis(omega-chlorobutyl) vinylphosphonate Di-n-butyl vinylphosphonate;

Di-isobutyl vinylphosphonate; Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) 1-methylvinylphosphonate; Diphenyl vinylphosphonate; and Bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) vinylphosphonate.

From the above group of bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate monomers, it is preferred to employ bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate in preparing the novel crosslinked copolymers of this invention since the latter monomer is a commercially available material and lower in cost than any of the other bis-(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates. It is to be noted, at this point, that the use of the term copolymer in this disclosure is meant to apply to polymers derived from two, three or more distinct monomer species.

In addition to the above described bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, it is also possible to prepare copolymers useful as flame retardant additives for thermoplastic polymers by employing: (1) mono(alkyl) acid vinylphosphonates such, for example, as mono(ethyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(butyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mon(octyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate; mono(beta-chloroethyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(omega-chlor0octyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate; (2) mono-(cycloalkyl) and mono(ary1) hydrogen vinylphosphonates such, for example, as mono(cyclohexyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono-(phenyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(benzyl) hydrogen vinylphosphonate; (3) bis(cycloalkyl) and bis(aryl) vinylphosphonates such, for example, as bis(cyclohexyl) vinylphosphonate and bis-(benzyl) vinylphosphonates; and, (4) bis(alkyl), bis(cycloalkyl), and bis(aryl) allylphosphonates such, for example, as bis(beta-chloroethyl) allylphosphonate, bis(cyclohexyl) allylphosphonate and bis(benzyl) allylphosphonate as well as mixtures of any two or more of the above described phosphonate monomers.

As has been noted, the copolymers of this invention may also, if desired, contain one or more optional monofunctional vinyl comonomers, i.e. monomers containing only one ethylenically unsaturated group, including vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride and trifluoroethylene; vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride, vinylidene bromide and vinylidene fluoride; alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene; vinyl esters of carboxylic acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate, and vinyl stearate; the C -C alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, Z-ethylhexyl acrylate and lauryl acrylate; aryl, haloand nitrosubstituted benzyl esters of acryhc and methacrylic acid such as benzyl acrylate and 2-chlorobenzyl acrylate; ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylicacids such as acrylic and methacrylic acids; ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, their anhydrides and their C -C monoand dialkyl esters such as aconit c ac d, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, citracomc acid, maleic anhydride, dibutyl fumarate and monoethyl maleate; amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxyhc acids such as acrylamide and methacrylamide; vinyl aryl compounds such as styrene and alpha-methyl styrene; nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; and C -C alkyl vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and stearyl vinyl ether. Preferred for use as optional comonomers are the vinyl halides particularly vinyl chloride; the vinylidene halides, particularly vinylidene chloride; the vinyl aryl compounds particularly styrene and the lower alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids.

With respect to proportions, the novel crosslinked copolymers of this invention may contain from about 3- 98%, by weight, of one or more of the above described bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonates, from about 2--60%, by weight, of one or more of the above described polyfunctional vinyl monomers and from 0 to about 90%, by weight, of one or more of the above described optional monofunctional vinyl comonomers. A preferred product is a crosslinked copolymer containing from about 20 to by weight, of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, from about 5 to 20%, by weight, of a polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated monomer, particularly allyl methacrylate, and from 20 to 60%, by weight, of optional monofunctional vinyl comonomers.

It should again be emphasized that the ability to be able to prepare these crosslinked copolymers so that they may contain substantially more than about 50%, by weight, of a vinyl-phosphonate is truly surprising and unexpected. Thus, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,489,706, which issued Jan. 13, 1970, broadly discloses the preparation of copolymers containing up to about 50%, by weight, of a vinylphosphonate. However, a reading of its working examples reveals that none of the copolymers whose actual preparation is described therein contains more than about 25%, by weight, of the vinylphosphonate monomer.

The crosslinked copolymers of this invention may be prepared by means of any convenient free radical initiated polymerization technique known to those skilled in the art including such procedures as suspension, emulsion and solution polymerization.

Thus, in preparing these crosslinked copolymers by means of a suspension polymerization technique, the reaction is conducted in an aqueous medium containing from about 0.01 to 5%, as based on the total Weight of the monomer mixture, of a suspension agent such, for example, as gelatin, starch, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, talc, clay, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. As a catalyst for the polymerization, one may use from about 0.05 to 5%, as based on the total weight of the monomer mixture, of a monomer soluble azo or peroxide catalyst such, for example, as azobisisobutyronitrile, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, isopropylperoxy dicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate and the like.

Polymerization may ordinarily be initiated by heating the system to a temperature in the range of from about 20 to 150 C. for a period of from about 5 to 24 hours with agitation being applied throughout the course of the reaction. The resulting product will comprise an aqueous suspension of the desired copolymers which will be in the form of particulate solids having a resin solids content in the range of from about 5 to 60%, by weight. These copolymer particles will have a particle size in the range of from about 2 to 500 microns with a range of from about 50 to 250 microns being preferred when these copolymers are to be used as additives for preparing flame retardant, thermoplastic polymers.

In preparing these copolymers by means of an emulsion polymerization procedure, the selected monomers are dispersed in an aqueous medium containing from about 0.03 to by weight of the monomers, of one or more anionic, non-ionic or cationic emulsifiers such, for example, as the alkyl carboxylic acid salts, the alkyl sulfate salts, alkyl sulfosuccinate salts, the alkyl phosphate salts, the alkyl sulfosuccinate salts, the alkyl aryl ether alcohols and the alkyl aryl polyether sulfate salts. The aqueous monomer emulsion is then heated for about 5 to 24 hours at a temperature of from about 0 to 150 C. in the presence of from about 0.05 to 5%, by weight of the monomer mixture, of a water soluble free radical initiating catalyst such, for example, as ammonium sodium or potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide or a redox system comprising a mixture of a persulfate with an alkali metal bisulfite, thiosulfate or hydrosulfite.

And, in preparing the crosslinked copolymers of this invention by means of a solution polymerization procedure, the selected monomers are first dissolved in an organic solvent such, for example, as benzene, toluene, cyclohexanone, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, trichloroethylene, dimethylforrnamide or dirnethylsulfoxide. The resulting solution is then heated for from about 5 to 24 hours at a temperature of from about to 120 C. in the presence of a monomer soluble azo or peroxide catalyst as exemplified by the compounds listed, hereinabove, in describing the suspension polymerization process.

Specific copolymer compositions which have been found to provide particularly good results as additives for the preparation of fire retardant, thermoplastic polymer composition are a copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, vinyl chloride and allyl methacrylate; a copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, styrene and allyl methacrylate; a copolymer of bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and vinyl bromide; and, a copolymer of bis-(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, allyl methacryiate and vinylidene chloride.

In all cases, the novel crosslinked copolymers of this invention have been found to provide blends with thermoplastic polymers which are characterized by their outstanding fire retardancy, their ease of blending and their retention of physical properties such as hardness, tensile and impact strength. As used in this disclosure, the term fire retardant or flame retardant is intended to refer to that particular property of a material which provides it with a degree of resistance to ignition and burning. Thus, a fire or flame retardant composition is one which has a low level of flammability and flame spread. This property may be conveniently evaluated by means of any of the standard flame retardancy tests such, for example, as the ASTM test D-635. In brief, this test involves preparing 5" x /2" x 0.05" specimen from the respective sheets. These specimens are then suspended so that their 5 dimension is horizontal and their /2" dimension is inclined at a 45 angle. One end of the thus suspended specimen is then contacted, for 30 second periods, With a one inch high flame from a diameter barrel Bunsen burner fitted with a 1 /8" Wide wing top.

In addition to being used as fire retardant additives for the preparation of thermoplastic polymer compositions, the bisfhydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers of this invention may be used in any of the various coating, adhesive, laminating, impregnating and molding applications known to those skilled in the art. Thus, they may be coated upon and/or absorbed by all types of substrates to which it is desired to impart fire retardant properties. They may, therefore, be used as coatings, impregnants, fillers, laminants, and adhesives for such substrates as Wood; paper; metals; textiles based on either natural or synthetic fibers or blends thereof; synthetic polymer films such as those based upon polyolefins, regenerated cellulose, i.e. cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, poyesters and the like; leather; natural and synthetic rubber; fiberboard; and synthetic plastics prepared by means of either addition or condensation polymerization techniques.

In addition, any desired thermoplastic polymers may be blended with the above described bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymers in order to prepare fire retardant compositions. Such thermoplastic polymers include:

(1) Polymethyl methacrylate, as well as copolymers of methyl methacrylate with minor proportions of one or more alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated monomers which are polymerizable therewith including: the C -C alkyl, cycloalkyl and bicycloalkyl esters of acrylic acid and the C -C akyl, cycloalkyl and bicycloalkyl esters of methacrylic acid such, for example, as ethyl acrylate and methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, ethylhexyl methacrylate, norbornyl acrylate, and cyclohexyl acrylate; vinyl aryl compounds such, for example, as alpha-methyl styrene and styrene; and nitriles of alpha, beta-ethylen-ci ally unsaturated carboxylic acids such, for example, as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile. From the above given group, the use of the C C alkyl esters of acrylic acid, particularly ethyl acrylate, and of the C -C alkyl esters of methacrylic acid is preferred.

(2) Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, commonly referred to as ABS resins which generally comprise either a mixture of a 60 to :40 to 20 styrenezacrylonitrile copolymer with from about 10 to 40%, by Weight of a 5 to 40:95 to 60 acrylonitrilezbutadiene copolymer or a mixture of a 60 to 80:40 to 20 styrenezacrylonitrile copolymer with from about 10 to 40%, by weight, of a graft of the latter copolymer onto polybutadiene.

(3) Poly(alpha-olefins such as polyproylene and polyethylene and copolymers of one or more alpha-olefins, such as ethylene or proylene, with a minor proportion of one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers including 4-methyl pentene-l; butene-l; norbornene and its derivatives; cyclopentadiene; cyclopentene; cyclobutene; vinyl acetate, the C -C alkyl acrylate and methacrylate esters; as well as blends of the homoand copolymers of alpha-olefins With other types of thermoplastic polymers.

(4) Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) systems comprising about 3 parts of butadiene copolymerized with one part of styrene.

(5) Polystyrene and copolymers of styrene or alphamethyl styrene with a minor proportion of one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomers such, for example,

as nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids including acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; and C C alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such, for example, as methyl methacrylate and 2-ethylhexy acrylate; and graft copolymers of styrene or alpha-methylstyrene with polybutadiene and other hydrocarbon elastomers.

(6) Cellulosic resins including cellulose esters and mixed esters such, for example, as cellulose nitrate, cellu; lose acetate, celulose butyrate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose acetate-propionate and cellulose ethers such, for example, as ethyl cellulose;

(7) Polyamide resins, i.e. the resins made by the condensation of dior polyamines with dior polybasic acids or by polymerization of lactams or amino acids. Typical polyamides include: nylon 4 which is made from pyrrolidone; nylon 6 obtained by polycondensation of capro lactam; nylon 66 obtained by the condensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid; nylon 610 obtained by the condensation of hexamethylenediamine with sebacic acid; nylon 7 which is a polymer of ethyl aminoheptanoate; nylon 9 made from 9-aminononanoic acid; and nylon 11 made from ll-amino undecanoic acid;

(8) Polyester resins, i.e. the resins produced by the condensation of saturated or unsaturated dibasic acids, such as terephthalic, maleic, fumaric, isophthalic, adipic and azelaic acids with dihydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. Where the resin is made With an unsaturated acid, a polymerizable monomer such, for example, as styrene, vinyl toluene, diallylphthalate, methyl methacrylate; chlorostyrene, alpha-methyl styrene, divinyl benzene or triallyl cyanurate is often included in the composition;

(9) Polyurethane resins, i.e. the resins formed by the reaction between a bior polyfunctional hydroxyl containing compound, such as a polyether or polyesters, and a dior polyisocyanate such as toluene diisocyanate or diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate;

(10) Polycarbonate resins, i.e. the resins derived from the reaction between a difunctional alcohol or phenol, such as bisphenol A, and phosgene or an alkyl or aryl carbonate;

(ll) Polyacetal resins, i.e. the resins derived from the anionic polymerization of formaldehyde to obtain a linear molecule of the type OCH O-CH OCH (l2) Polyphenylene oxide resins made by the oxidative polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of a copperamine-complex catalyst;

(13) Polysulfone resins, i.e. the resins containing an S0 linkage as derived from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with olefins such as l-butene or, more preferably, by reaction of bisphenol A with 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.

(14) The acrylate:styrenezacrylonitrile resins, commonly referred to as ASA resins, which comprise a copolymer containing a major proportion of a C -C alkyl acrylate elastomer upon which is grafted about 80-72% of the weight of the latter copolymer of a 70-80: 20 styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.

(15) Polyvinyl chloride and the co-polymers of vinyl chloride with a minor proportion of one or more vinyl comonomers such as the vinyl alkyl esters, as exemplified by vinyl acetate as well as any of the monomers listed, hereinabove, as applicable for use in preparing copolymers with methyl methacrylate.

(16) Polymethacrylonitrile and the copolymers of methacrylonitrile with a minor proportion of one or more comonomers such, for example, as styrene and alphamethyl styrene.

In eflect, one may utilize any thermoplastic polymer, i.e. any polymer that may be softened by heat and then regain its original properties on cooling, in preparing fire retardant compositions with the novel crosslinked copolymers of this invention.

The actual blending of the copolymer additives of this invention with the selected polymeric substrate, i.e. with any one or more of the above described thermoplastic polymers, may be accomplished by means of any convenient procedure which will result in an intimate admixture of the additive within the mass of the substrate polymer. Thus, for example, an aqueous suspension containing the particles of the copolymer additive may simply be blended or otherwise admixed with the substrate polymer which should, preferably, be in the form of an aqueous latex or suspension. 01', if desired, the copolymer additive and the thermoplastic polymer substrate may be admixed While each is in the form of a solid powder.

The blending operation may also be carried out by means of a procedure in which the thermoplastic polymer which comprises the substrate is itself polymerized while in the presence of an aqueous emulsion or suspension or organic solvent solution containing one or more of the previously polymerized copolymers additives of this invention. Alternatively, the bis-(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate containing copolymer additive may be polymerized in a system which contains the previously polymerized selected thermoplastic polymer substrate in an appropriate physical form, e.g. as an aqueous suspension or emulsion or as an organic solvent solution.

With respect to proportions, the amount of bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate containing crosslinked copolymer which may be admixed with a thermoplastic polymer substrate will depend, primarily, upon such factors as the particular phosphonate copolymer and thermoplastic polymer substrate which are to be blended with one another, the degree of fire retardancy desired in the resulting blend, the degree of clarity, hardness and other specific physical properties which are sought as well as other technical and economic considerations known and understood by those skilled in the art. However, in order to attain a composition which will be self-extinguishing, it is generally desirable to introduce an effective concentraton of the bis(alkyl) vinylphosphonate crosslinked copolymer additive which will be sufiicient to provide the resulting blend with at least about 0.5%, by weight, of phosphorus. Thus, depending upon the concentration of the vinylphosphonate in the crosslinked copolymer additive, the thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention Will contain from about 5 to by weight, of one or more of these crosslinked copolymers.

The fire retardant, thermoplastic polymer compositions of this invention can be prepared so as to contain various optional additives which may include plasticizers such as the alkyl esters of phthalic, adipic and sebacic acids such, for example, as dioctyl phthalate and ditridecyl phthalate and aryl phosphate esters such, for example, as diphenyl and tricresyl phosphate, etc.; lubricants and mold release agents such as stearic acid or its metal salts, petroleum based waxes, mineral oils, polyethylene waxes, etc.; and heat and light stabilizers such as barium, cadmium, calcium, zinc soaps or phenates, basic lead compounds, organo-tin compounds, such as dialkyl tin mercaptides and dialkyl tin maleates, thiolauric anhydride and n-butyl stannoic acid, epoxidized oils, alkyl diphenyl phosphites, triaryl phosphites, phenyl salicylates, benzophenones and benzotriazoles, etc. For a more complete listing of plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers and other functional additives, one may consult Polyvinyl Chloride, by H. A. Sarvetnick published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, N.Y., in 1969.

These thermoplastic polymer compositions may also contains fillers, pigments, dyes, opacifying agents, decorative additives such as reflective metal foils or flasks, and other imbedded solid objects such as fiber glass, textile fibers, asbestos, paper, and the like, provided that they do not detract from the flame retardancy of these products. In addition, the compositions may contain other flame retardants such as antimony compounds, halogenated alkyl phosphates or phosphonates, alkyl acid phosphates, or small concentrations of phosphoric acid.

The novel fire retardant compositions of this invention, comprising blends of any of the above described thermoplastic polymers with one or mofe of the novel fire retardant, cross-linked copolymer additives of this invention, may be utilized in any of the coating, impregnating and especially in the molding applications known to those skilled in the art wherein it is desired to provide fire retardancy to the resulting end product. For example, these compositions may be used for preparing such diverse items as calendered films, blow molded bottles, extruded flat bed and blown films, extruded and shaped articles such as panels, tubes, sheets, rods, fibers and particularly in polypropylene and other polyolefin fibers and in carrying out such processes as injection molding, fluidizing bed coating, electrostatic powder spraying and rotational coating, etc. More particularly, those compositions which are optically clear such, for example, as those based upon homoor copolymers of methyl methacrylate or homoor copolymers of styrene may be utilized for preparing such articles as lenses, aircraft canopies, windows, windshields, lighting fixtures, and advertising displays. Application wherein optical clarity is not essential include such automotive applications as seat backs, door panels, instrument panels, head rests, arm rests, package shelves, plated hardware, radiator grills, fender extensions and liners, wheel covers and gas tanks. Non-automotive applications include their use as structural and decorative components for both the interiors and exteriors of conventional houses and mobile homes and as structural and decorative elements of business machines and electrical applicanes.

The following examples will further illustrate the embodiment of this invention. In these examples, all parts given are by weight unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE I This example illustrates the preparation of a crosslinked bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer as well as its subsequent use in preparing a first retardant, thermoplastic polymer composition. In this case, the crosslinked copolymer is a 80:20 bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate; allyl methacrylate copolymer prepared by means of a suspension polymerization procedure.

Part A.Eighty (80) parts bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate and 20 parts allyl methacrylate are polymerized in a solution of 0.5 parts methyl cellulose in 300 parts of deionized, distilled water which also contains 2 parts of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The polymerization mixture is stirred at 80 C. for 15 hours under a blanket of nitrogen. The crosslinked copolymer is isolated by filtration followed by washing with water and drying at 70 C. for 24 hours. A yield of 93% is obtained. The product contains 10.0% of phosphorus and 23.2% of chlorine.

Blends of the thus prepared crosslinked copolymer with varying proportions of polypropylene are prepared by milling the respective mixtures for 10 minutes on a tworoll mill in which the front roll is at a temperature of 185 C. and back roll is at 130 C. As shown in the following table, the resulting blends display reduced flammability upon having their limiting oxygen index (LOI) determined by means of the procedure described by Fenimore and Martin in the November, 1966, issue of Modern Plastics. In brief, this procedure directly relates flame retardancy to a measurement of the minimum percentage concentration of oxygen in a oxygenznitrogen mixture which permits the sample to burn; the LOI being calculated as follows:

FLAMMABILITY OF POLYPROPYLENE BLENDS Blend composition wt. crosslinked polymer/wt. polypropylene: L.O.I value 0/100 17.6 /100 20.6 /100 21.7

Part B.A polymer blend of 2.5 parts of the crosslinked copolymer whose preparation is described in Part A, hereinabove and 7.5 parts of an ABS resin sold under the trademark Blendex 311 by the Marbon Chemical Division of the Borg-Warner Corporation is prepared by simple physical mixing using a micro-mill. This mixture is then pressed into a thin film with a thickness of about 3 mm. at 325 F. under a pressure of 40,000 p.s.i. The resulting film shows good flame retardancy having an LOI value of 21.9 whereas a film of Blender 311 prepared by the same procedure but devoid of the novel copolymer additive of this invention has an LOI value of only 17.4.

Comparable results are obtained upon blending this crosslinked copolymer additive with various burning thermoplastics including polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose acetate, nylon 66, polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride resins.

EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the preparation of a crosslinked 50:10:40 bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate: allyl methacrylate:vinyl chloride copolymer by means of a suspension polymerization procedure and its subsequent use in preparing a fire retardant, thermoplastic polymer composition.

Part A.Fifty (50) parts of bis-(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate and 10 parts of allyl methacrylate are added to a suspension mixture comprising 0.5 parts of methyl cellulose and 300 parts of deionized, distilled water. The mixture is cooled down to 5 C. and 1.5 parts of t-butyl peroxypivalate and 40 parts of vinyl chloride are added to the reaction vessel. Polymerization is carried out at 60 C. for 12 hours with constant stirring. The resulting polymer is collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with distilled water. The washed polymer is dried in a current of air at 40 C. for 48 hours. Ninety-two (92) parts of dry polymer containing 6.6% of phosphorus and 22.7% of chlorine are obtained. A number of blends of the resulting crosslinked copolymer with varying proportions of polypropylene are prepared in the manner described in Example I. The flammability of these blends, as expressed in terms of their LOI values, is set forth in the following table.

Blend composition wt. crosslinked copolymer/wt. polypropylene L.O.I. value O/100 17.6 20/100 20.4 30/100 21.9

Comparable results, with respect to the flame retardancy of the final polymer blends are achieved using a crosslinked copolymer additife copolymer containing 20 parts, by weight, of allyl methacrylate and parts, by weight, respectively of each of the following bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate monomers:

bis (beta-chloroethyl) l-cyanovinylphosphonate, bis (beta-chloropropyl) vinylphosphonate, bis(beta-chloroethyl) l-phenylvinylphosphonate di-n-butyl vinylphosphonate and diphenyl vinylphosphonate.

EXAMPLE III This example illustrates the preparation of a crossinked 30:10:60 bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate:

allyl methacrylatezvinyl chloride copolymer by means of a suspension polymerization procedure.

Thirty (30) parts bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, 10 parts of allyl methacrylate and a suspension mixture consisting of 0.5 parts of methylcellulose and 300 parts of deionized, distilled water are cooled down to C. in a reaction vessel. One and one-half (1.5) parts of t-butyl peroxypivalate and 60 parts of vinyl chloride are added to the reaction vessel. After the reaction vessel is purged with nitrogen and capped, the reaction is carried out at 60 C. for 12 hours with constant stirring. The polymer is collected by filtration and is then washed and dried. A yield of 98% is obtained. The thus prepared crosslinked copolymer will not burn in air and cannot even be ignited.

EXAMPLE IV This example illustrates the preparation of a crosslinked 80:20 bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate: butylene glycol-methacrylate copolymer by means of an emulsion polymerization procedure.

A mixture of 390 parts of deionized, distilled water, 50 parts of a 1%, by weight, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, 25 parts of a 5%, by weight, aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution and parts of a 10%, by weight, aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate solution is heated to 75 C. in a 2-liter three-necked flask under a blanket of nitrogen. Fifty (50) parts of a 3%, by weight, aqueuos potassium persulfate solution are added and the monomer emulsion, comprising 160 parts of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, 40 parts of butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 10 parts of 10%, by weight, aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate solution, 25 parts of a 5%, by weight, aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution and 240 parts of deionized, distilled water is added, dropwise, over a period of 2.5 hours. The temperature is maintained at 75-80" C. throughout the addition whereupon the temperature is raised to 90 C. for a period of 30 minutes. The resulting resin is filtered off and is then washed and dried. One hundred and sixty-five (165) grams of dried resin are recovered representing a yield of 82.5%. The thus prepared polymer will not burn in air and cannot even be ignited.

EXAMPLE V This example illustrates the preparation of a 80:20 bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonatezallyl methacrylate copolymer by means of an emulsion polymerization procedure.

-A mixture of 160 parts of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, 40 parts of a 10%, by weight, aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate solution, 50 parts of a 5%, by weight, aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution, 50 parts of a 1%, by weight, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 630 parts of deionized, distilled water are placed in a 3-necked 2-liter flask under a nitrogen blanket. This mixture is heated to 75 C. and 50 parts of a 3%, by weight, aqueous potassium persulfate solution is added. Immediately thereafter, dropwise addition of allyl methacrylate is initiated and continued over a 2.5 hour period. The temperature is maintained at 78 C. for 22 hours after which time an additional 0.5 parts of potassium persulfate in 50 parts of water is added. After one hour, the reactor is cooled to room temperature. The product has the appearance of a soft fiocculated latex which is isolated by filtration of the precipitated polymer followed by washing and drying. A yield of 96% is obtained. The resulting crosslinked polymer contains 10%, by weight, of phosphorus and will not burn in air and cannot even be ignited.

EXAMPLE VI This example illustrates the superior results obtained by the use of allyl methacrylate as the crosslinking comonomer, i.e. as the polyfunctional comonomer, in running the process of preparing the novel crosslinked copolymers of this invention.

Part A.-The suspension polymerization procedure of Example I, hereinabove, is repeated with 20 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 20 parts of divinyl benzene being each, in turn, substituted for the 20 parts of allyl methacrylate used in the procedure of Example I. The results of this comparison, with respect to the weight percent conversion of the bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate copolymer, are set forth in the following table.

Conversion Crosslinking comonomer: (wt. percent) Allyl methacrylate 93.0 Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 88.5 Divnyl benzene 73.3

Part B.'Ihe emulsion polymerization procedure of 'Example IV, hereinabove, is repeated with 40 parts of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 40 parts of divinyl benzene being each, in turn, substituted for the 40 parts of allyl methacrylate used in the procedure of Example IV. The results of this comparison, with respect to the weight percent conversion of the his (beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate to the copolymer are set forth in the following table.

Conversion Crosslinking comonomer: (wt. percent) Allyl methacrylate 98 'Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 75 Divinyl benzene 68 EXAMPLE VII This example illustrates the preparation of a crosslinked 50: 10:40 bis (beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate divinyl benzenezstyrene copolymer by means of a suspension polymerization procedure as well as its subsequent use in preparing a fire retardant, thermoplastic polymer composition.

A solution of 0.4 parts of methyl cellulose and 340 parts of deionized, distilled water is charged into a reaction vessel. A monomeric mixture comprising 50 parts of bis(betachloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, 40 parts of styrene, and 10 parts of divinyl benzene is added whereupon 2 parts of benzoyl peroxide are introduced. The free space in the vessel is flushed with nitrogen and the vessel is then sealed, heated to C. and maintained at this temperature for a period of 12 hours. At the end of this period, the resulting polymer is filtered and collected. After being washed thoroughly with deionized, distilled water, the copolymer is dried in a current of air at 60 C. for 8 hours and then in a vacuum oven for 24 hours at 80 C. There is thus obtained 84 parts of dry crosslinked copolymer which will not burn in air.

Five grams of the above described copolymer are thoroughly mixed with 5 grams of polystyrene using a micro-mill. An attractive molding film is then prepared by subjecting this mixture to a pressure of 30,000 p.s.i. at 300 F. for a period of one minute. This film showed reduced flammability evidenced by its LOI value of 22.1 as compared to an unmodified polystyrene which has an LOI value of 18.1.

Variations may be made in proportions, procedures and materials without departing from the scope of this invention as defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:

1. A solid crosslinked copolymer of 1) from about 2-60%, by weight of the total copolymer, of at least one monomer containing two or more polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated bonds; (2) from about 398% .by weight of at least one his (hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate having the structure:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, aryl, and haloaryl, C C alkyl and haloalkyl, and

wherein R and R are hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups having non-interfering substituents, said hydrocarbyl and said substituted hydrocarbyl groups containing up to about 18 carbon atoms, inclusive, with the proviso that R and R can be the same, difierent or conjoint; and (3) the remainder being at least one monofunctional vinyl comonomer selected from the group consisting of the vinyl halides, the vinylidene halides, the alpha-olefins, the vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, the C C alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, the arylhalo and nitro-substituted benzyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, the ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, the ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, their anhydrides and their C C monoand dialkyl esters, the amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, the vinyl aryl compounds, and the C -C alkyl vinyl ethers, said monofunctional vinyl comonomer being present in an amount up to about 90% by weight.

2. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein said bis(hydrocarbyl) vinylphosphonate is present in a concentration of from about 20-80%, by weight, said ethylenically unsaturated monomer is present in a concentration of from about 5-20%, by weight, and said monofunctional vinyl comonomer is present in a concentration of from about 20-60%, by weight.

3. The copolymer of claim 1, wherein said monofunctional vinyl monomer is a vinyl halide selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide and vinyl fluoride.

4. A crosslinked copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethy1) vinylphosphonate, vinyl chloride and allyl methacrylate according to claim 1.

5. A crosslinked copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, styrene and allyl methacrylate according to claim 1.

6. A crosslinked copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and vinyl bromide according to claim '1.

7. A crosslinked copolymer of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate, allyl methacrylate and vinylidene chloride according to claim 1.

8. A solid, cross-linked copolymer of: (1) 10% by weight allyl methacrylate, (2) 50% bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate and 40% by weight vinyl chloride.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,062,792 11/1962 McConnell et al. 260'-86.1 R X 3,227,696 1/1966 Flowers et al. 260-86.1 R X 3,243,417 3/1966 Kirby 260-86.1 R 3,489,706 1/ 1970 Mikofalvy 26029.6 T 3,519,607 7/1970 Welch 260-861 R X 3,682,871 8/ 1972 Mikofalvy et al. 26080.71 3,726,839 4/1973 Jin 26078.5 CL

LUCILLE M. PHYNES, Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.

26017 R, 17.4 ST, 29.6 T, 29.6 TA, 30.6 R, 31.8 R, 45.7 P, 45.75 R, 45.75 K, 45.8 A, 45.8 NZ, 45.85, 78.5 HC, 78.5 CL, 79.3 M, 80.6, 80.71, 884, 887, 899, 900, 901

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 342,048 Dated September 21, 1972 Q Inventor-(e) Jung I1 Jin It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Col. 3, lines 3-5, change X 0 X 0 Y N f 1 H U I i n r n a C1L2 C' P\ I t0 Ch2 \JP\, 1

C01. 3, lines 14-15, change "hydrolarbyl" to -hydrocarby1--;

9 Col, 5, line 36, change su1fosuccinate"- to -su1fonate--;

Col. 5, lines 43-44, change "ammonium sodium" to -ammonium, sodium- Col. 6, lines 47-48, change "alpha, beta-ethylen-ci'ally to ----alpha, beta-ethylenica11y; Col. 6, line 61, change (alpha-olefins such" to -(a1pha-o1efins) suchand change "polyproylene" to -po1ypropylene--;

3 C01. 7, line 4, change "Z-ethylhexy" to --2-ethy1hexyl--;

C01. 8, line 66, change f1asks" to --f1akes--; Col. 9, lines 19-20, change "Application" to -Applications-; Col. 9, line 29, change "applicanes" to --app1iances--; Col. 9, line 38, change "first" to --fire--; Col. 10, line 17, change "Blender 311" to --B1endex 311-;

C01. 10, line 60, change "additife" to --additive-;

C01.. 10, lines 72-73, change "crossinked to --cross1inked-; Col. 11, line 17, change "butylene glycol-methacrylate" to -buty1en g1yc0l:methacry1ate-; C01. 12, line 13, change Divnyl benzene to --Diviny1 benzene--;

a C01. 12, lines 72-75, change X 0 X 0 OR OR "CH C-P "to -CH =CP OR OR" Col. 13, lines 4-6, change 0 0 H R1 H ORI -P to ,P Q I R I \ORII Col. 13, lines 8 and 12, change "R to --R'--; Col. 13, line 21, change "C -C to -C -C ----;v

Signed and Scaled this sixth Day of April1976 [SEAL] Attest:

RUTH C. MSON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting ()jjl'cer Commissioner /Parenls and Trademarks Q Page 1 of 2 UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFEQATE 0F CORREQHQ PATENT NO. 5,8u2,o r8 9 DATED October 15, 1 7

VENTOR(S) I Jung I1 Jin It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Q Col. 5, lines 5-5, change X 0 X o OR' OR'\ "CH -C-P T" to "CH2 C-P/ 9 0R/ oR,/

Col. 5, lines l T-l5, change "hydrolarbyl" -to --hydrocarbyl-;

Col. 5, line 56, change "sulfosuccinate" to --sulfonate--;

Col. 5, lines T5-MT, change "ammonium sodium" to --ammonium,

sodium--;

Col. 6, lines VY-M8, change 'alpha, beta-ethylen-cially to --alpha, beta-ethy1enically--;

Col. 6, line 61, change "(alpha-olefins such" to --(alphaolefins) such-- and change "polyproylene" to -polypropylene--;

Col. 7, line A, change "E-ethylhexy" to --2-ethylhexyl--;

. Col. 8, line 66, change "flasks" to -flakes--;

Col. 9, lines 19-20, change "Application" to --Applications- Col. 9, line 29,' change "applicanes" to --appliances--;

Col. 9, line 58, change "first" to --fire--;

Col. 10, line 17, change Blender 511" to --Blendex 5ll--;

Col. 10, line 60, change "additife" to -additive--;

Col. 10, lines 72-75, change crossinked" to --crosslinked--;

Col. 11, line 17, change "butylene glycol-methacrylate" to --butylene glycol:methacrylate--;

Col. 12, line 15, change "Divnyl benzene" to -Divinyl Q benzene--;

Page 2 of 2 UNTTED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE QE TWIQATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 5,8 2, 0 :8 DATED 1 October 15 97 VENT0R S 1 Jung 11 Jim It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Col. 12, lines "(2-75, change 0R- "CH2 C-P/ "to "CH2: -P

C01 3.5, lines h-6, change C01. 15, lines 8 and 12, change "R to --R'--; Col. 15, line 21, change "C -0 to --C; -C

This certificate supersedes Certificate of Correction issued April v6,, 1976.

Signed and Scaled this eighth Day of June1976 {seem Arrest:

RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting Officer Commissioner ofParems and Trademark: 

1. A SOLID CROSSLINKED COPOLYMER OF (1) FROM ABOUT 2-60%, BY WEIGHT OF THE TOTAL COPOLYMER, OF AT LEAST ONE MONOMER CONTAINING TWO OR MORE POLYMERIZABLE, ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED BONDS; (2) FROM ABOUT 3-98% BY WEIGHT OF AT LEAST ONE BIS (HYDROCARBYL) VINYLPHOSPHONATE HAVING THE STRUTURE: 